{"id":6247,"date":"2024-01-06T22:55:42","date_gmt":"2024-01-06T22:55:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/?p=6247"},"modified":"2024-05-29T19:26:21","modified_gmt":"2024-05-29T19:26:21","slug":"solo-taxonomy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/solo-taxonomy\/","title":{"rendered":"SOLO Taxonomy &#8211; 5 Levels of Learning Complexity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"724\" src=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Biggs-SOLO-Taxonomy-definition-and-stages-1024x724.jpg\" alt=\"Biggs SOLO Taxonomy definition and stages, explained below\" class=\"wp-image-36733\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Biggs-SOLO-Taxonomy-definition-and-stages-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Biggs-SOLO-Taxonomy-definition-and-stages-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Biggs-SOLO-Taxonomy-definition-and-stages-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Biggs-SOLO-Taxonomy-definition-and-stages.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:18px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"featurebox\">The SOLO taxonomy stands for &#8216;structure of observed learning outcome&#8217;. It provides a framework for analyzing a student\u2019s depth of knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It was developed by John Biggs as an alternative to Bloom\u2019s taxonomy of knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The SOLO taxonomy is considered a more practical framework than Bloom\u2019s due to its focus on <em>observable outcomes<\/em> rather than <em>internal cognitive processes<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The SOLO taxonomy contains 5 <a href=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/levels-of-knowledge\/\">levels of knowledge<\/a>, from simple to complex:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prestructural<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unstructural<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Multistructural<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Relational<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Extended Abstract<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>At the lower levels, students demonstrate lower-order <a href=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/cognitive-skills\/\">cognitive skills<\/a>, while at higher levels students demonstrate the ability to use complex <a href=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/inductive-reasoning-examples\/\">inductive reasoning<\/a> strategies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Definition of the SOLO Taxonomy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"featurebox\">The structure of observed learning outcomes taxonomy (SOLO taxonomy) is a tool for measuring how well a student understands a topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It describes 5 levels of understanding from simple to complex. It is widely used for designing curriculum outcomes and assessment tasks that get progressively more difficult as students move through their education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5 Levels of the Taxonomy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The 5 levels of the taxonomy are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prestructural<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unistructural<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Multisrtuctural<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Relational<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Extended Abstract<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The first 3 levels represent quantitative thinking, which Biggs argues tends to involve <a href=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/deductive-reasoning-examples\/\">deductive reasoning<\/a> and surface analysis. The final 2 levels move into a qualitative approach that focuses on depth of knowledge and understanding on a topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are explanations of each level of learning:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Prestructural<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"featurebox\"><b>At the prestructural stage, students don\u2019t have any understanding of the topic. This may be because they\u2019ve never encountered it before!<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biggs argues that \u201cprestructural responses simply miss the point\u201d and \u201cshow little evidence of relevant learning\u201d (Biggs &amp; Tang, 2007, p. 87).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>We can observe that a student is in the prestructural stage when they respond to questions with simple answers like:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cI don\u2019t know\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cI\u2019m parroting what I am supposed to say\u201d, or<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>With an irrelevant comment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When I grade papers, I notice this all the time. A paragraph may be totally off topic, filled with factual inaccuracies, or totally copied from a source text. This shows me that the student completely misunderstands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Be Aware<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biggs reminds us that sometimes a person will give a long and seemingly impressive response to a question, but it may still be at the prestructural stage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He uses the example of a politician speaking a lot, but not actually answering the question they were asked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Unistructural<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"featurebox\"><strong>A student with unistructural understanding tends to understand only one or two elements of the task, but not the whole.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At this level, a student may be able to identify and name a few things and follow simple procedures that they have been taught.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While some elements of a topic may be covered by the student, they will also miss many more important parts of the topic that are required to truly understand it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A student who provides a unistructural response to a question would likely:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Be able to give a vague or general answer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Know some terms relevant to the topic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not be able to explain the terms in depth when pushed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A Quote<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biggs explains: \u201cUnistructural responses deal with terminology, getting on track but little more\u201d (Biggs &amp; Tang, 2007, p. 87).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Multistructural<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"featurebox\"><strong>At the multistructural level, the student has begun to acquire a lot knowledge, but can\u2019t put it together yet.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The student\u2019s knowledge remains at the level of remembering, memorizing and parroting what they have learned. The student therefore has surface level understanding. They could not use a concept in new and innovative ways because they simply don\u2019t understand it well enough.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The multistructural student is like the builder without his tools: all the pieces are there, but he doesn\u2019t know how they connect. You may have felt this way when you unpacked some Ikea furniture and it\u2019s been laid out upon your floor in bits!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Relational<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"featurebox\">The relational stage is the first that shows deep qualitative understanding of a topic and more complex <a href=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/thinking-skills\/\">thinking skills<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><b>At the relational level, students start to see how the parts of a topic are put together. They can:<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identify patterns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Explain how parts of a topic link together.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare and contrast different elements of a topic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>View a topic from several perspectives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Central to relational knowledge is the ability to create structures and systems for sorting knowledge. Students begin to explain connections between things by using systemic and some theoretical modelling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><b>A Quote<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As Biggs argues: \u201ca qualitative change in learning and understanding has occurred. It is no longer a matter of listing facts and details\u201d (Biggs &amp; Tang, 2007, p. 87).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Extended Abstract<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"featurebox\"><strong>At the extended abstract stage, students have a sophisticated understanding of the topic and can apply it in various contexts. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biggs argues that the essence of the extended abstract response \u201cis that it goes beyond what has been given\u201d (Biggs &amp; Tang, 2007, p. 87). In other words, students can create new knowledge and apply the knowledge they have in multiple contexts due to their deep understanding of the topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>An Example<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, a student may laern something in the classroom and be able to apply it in their lives outsive the classroom in an entirely different context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Students may also be able to generate theoretical ideas and then use them to make assumptions about future events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/solo-taxonomy-biggs.jpg\" alt=\"Bigg's solo taxonomy explained\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3\">SOLO Taxonomy vs Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"featurebox\">Biggs\u2019s taxonomy is well respected as an alternative to <a href=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/blooms-taxonomy-examples\/\">Bloom\u2019s taxonomy<\/a> for assessing student <a href=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/behavioral-objectives\/\">behavioral<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/learning-objectives-examples\/\">learning objectives<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While Bloom\u2019s taxonomy describes many unobservable cognitive skills, the SOLO approach focuses on observable evidence of a student\u2019s understanding. This makes it very useful for the assessment of a student\u2019s understanding of topics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Bloom\u2019s taxonomy, you may come across many unobservable and unassessable verbs to describe knowledge and understanding. Some examples are below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"617\" src=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/blooms-taxonomy-1024x617.jpg\" alt=\"blooms taxonomy, explained below\" class=\"wp-image-15252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/blooms-taxonomy-1024x617.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/blooms-taxonomy-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/blooms-taxonomy-768x463.jpg 768w, https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/blooms-taxonomy-1536x926.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/blooms-taxonomy.jpg 1621w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:18px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>By contrast, the SOLO taxonomy focuses on <em>outcomes<\/em> of knowledge rather than descriptions of knowledge itself. The taxonomy provides vocabulary that clearly conveys what students should be able to <em>demonstrate<\/em> by the end of a course.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This means that Biggs\u2019s approach is very useful for writing assessment learning outcomes. Below is a collection of <em>observable <\/em>verbs that the SOLO approach recommends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4\">SOLO Verbs (How to use the Framework in Curriculum Design)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"featurebox\">Biggs designed the SOLO model for curriculum design in higher education. It is a part of his broader concept of <em>constructive alignment<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Constructive alignment<\/strong> involves ensuring that the things we teach in our lessons:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Are in tune with our assessment content.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prepare students for the things we assess our students on.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are at an appropriate ability level in relation to the summative assessment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are cognitively challenging.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use constructivist <a href=\"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/teaching-strategies\/\">teaching strategies<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The SOLO framework<\/strong>, as a practical component of constructive alignment, helps us:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Create learning outcomes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assess students\u2019 depth of knowledge.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As Biggs argues, this taxonomy \u201ccan be used to define course intended learning outcomes, which describe where students should be operating, and for evaluating learning outcomes so that we can know at what level individual students actually are operating.\u201d (Biggs &amp; Tang, 2007, p. 87)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To help guide you, you may like to use verbs that relate to each level of understanding. These verbs will guide you as you attempt to create learning outcomes that are at the appropriate difficulty level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5\">Advantages and Disadvantages of Bigg\u2019s Model<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Advantages<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Advantages of the SOLO taxonomy include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Educators can use the verbs from the taxonomy to create learning outcomes. Unlike Bloom\u2019s taxonomy, the verbs in the SOLO taxonomy are all observable, making them ideal for assessments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It provides a framework for creating progressive curricula that gradually increase in difficulty level.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It provides a framework for thinking about what you want your students to know and at what stage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It helps you think through what grade you will give a student by explicitly outlining how to identify depth of understanding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Disadvantages<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Disadvantages include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The model doesn\u2019t take into account difficulty of topics themselves. Some topics (such as brain surgery!) require extreme difficulty to reach levels 3 or 4 of the taxonomy. Other topics may be easy to understand, manipulate and theorise at level 5 of the taxonomy (extended abstract level). So, even very difficult postgraduate level curricula may require lower-order verbs within their learning outcomes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The model assumes courses should contain learning outcomes and places high value on assessment. Some educators may believe that assessment and learning outcomes stifle creativity and student-led learning and are therefore inappropriate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6\">Final Thoughts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The structure of observed learning outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy is a very useful framework for thinking about how well a student should, or does, understand a topic. I find it very <a href=\"https:\/\/classteaching.wordpress.com\/2013\/05\/23\/using-solo-taxonomy-to-develop-student-thinking-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneficial<\/a> for both writing curricula and assessing students\u2019 work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I reflect on it regularly when considering what grade I should give a student as it gives me a framework for considering how deep their understanding truly is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Biggs, J.B., and Collis, K.F. (1982). <em>Evaluating the Quality of Learning<\/em>. New York: Academic Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biggs, J. (1999). <em>Teaching for Quality Learning at University<\/em>. SHRE and Open University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biggs, J., &amp; Tang, C. (2007). <em>Teaching for quality learning at university. What the student does<\/em> (3rd Ed.). Berkshire: Society for Research into Higher Education &amp; Open University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brabrand, C., &amp; Dahl, B. (2009). Using the SOLO model to analyze competence progression of university science curricula. <em>Higher Education, 58<\/em>(4), 531-549.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The structure of observed learning outcome taxonomy (SOLO taxonomy) provides a framework for analyzing a student\u2019s depth of knowledge.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6249,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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