{"id":18435,"date":"2023-01-11T09:20:34","date_gmt":"2023-01-11T09:20:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/?page_id=18435"},"modified":"2024-05-30T03:16:49","modified_gmt":"2024-05-30T03:16:49","slug":"psychology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/helpfulprofessor.com\/psychology\/","title":{"rendered":"Psychology Study Guides"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Psychology Glossary (A to Z)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Written and peer-reviewed by PhD-Level Academics<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Accommodation and Assimilation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Accommodation and assimilation are terms from cognitive theory refer to the processes of adding and amending information in mental schema.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Attachment Theory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Attachment theory explores the stages of relationships between caregivers and their children and proposes a range of attachment styles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Attribution Theory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Attribution theory believes that people attempt to understand events and actions by (often mistakenly) attributing intentions, beliefs, and feelings to the events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Classical Conditioning<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Classical conditioning refers to learned behaviors that occur when a neutral stimulus is associated with a learned response.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Cognitive Bias<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>A cognitive bias is a mental shortcut (also known as a heuristic) leading to an unconscious error in thinking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Concrete Operational Stage of Development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>The concrete operational stage is the third stage in Piaget\u2019s stages of cognitive development typically occurring between ages 7 and 12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Crystallized Intelligence<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Crystallized intelligence refers to the knowledge and skills a person develops throughout their lifespan. It is opposed to fluid intelligence, which refers to on-the-spot problem-solving intelligence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fixed Ratio Schedules<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is a rewards schedule when a reward is delivered after a specific number of responses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fluid Intelligence<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve newly encountered problems based on logic and reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Formal Operational Stage of Development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development that occurs from the ages of 11 and up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Functional Fixedness<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Functional fixedness refers to rigidity in problem-solving, characterized by a tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Higher Order Conditioning<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Higher-order conditioning occurs when a second conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an initial conditioned stimulus and evokes an unconditioned response by itself. Confused? This article will clear it up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Intrinsic Motivation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong><\/strong>Intrinsic motivation occurs when you do a task without any external incentives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Kohlberg devised a theory of moral development which postulates that moral reasoning passes through six stages from early childhood to adulthood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Locus of Control<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>An external locus of control refers to the belief that actions do not control outcomes. An internal locus of control refers to the belief that your actions can influence outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Metacognitive Theory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Metacognitive Theory is a theory of knowledge that is interested in how humans can actively monitor and regulate their own thought processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Moral Relativism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Moral relativism is a view that rejects the existence of any objective, absolute or universal moral truths that govern our morality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Operant Conditioning<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Operant conditioning explains how people and animals develop learned responses through the repetition of reinforcements and punishments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Positive Reinforcement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Positive reinforcement is a concept from conditioning theory that refers to the use of rewards and praise to encourage repetition of desired behaviors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Preoperational Stage of Development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>The preoperational stage is the second stage in Jean Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development. This stage is from ages 2 to 7 years old.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Rehearsal (Elaborative and Maintenance)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Elaborative rehearsal refers to strategies for committing information to long-term memory. Maintenance rehearsal is for short-term memory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Reverse Psychology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Reverse psychology refers to a persuasion technique in which one person tries to get someone to do something by suggesting that they do the opposite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Schema<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>A cognitive schema is a mental framework that organizes information in the mind. It is a packet of mental information that categorizes objects and concepts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Selective Attention<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Selective attention refers to the ability to intentionally focus awareness on specific aspects of a situation or information and drown out other information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition:<\/strong> Self-actualization is the realization or fulfillment of one\u2019s full talents and potentialities. It is the process of fully developing oneself physically, mentally, and spiritually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Self-Determination Theory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Self-determination theory (SDT) is a theory of motivation. \u2018Self-determination\u2019 is the sense that we are on control of our own lives and choices, are motivated, and can meet our potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sensorimotor Stage of Development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of development is a child\u2019s first stage of development. This stage lasts from birth to 2 years old.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Social Penetration Theory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Social penetration theory explores stages of relationship progression and what happens in each stage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sublimation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Sublimation involves channeling unwanted or disturbing thoughts, impulses or desires into something positive and constructive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Vicarious Punishment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Definition: <\/strong>Vicarious punishment is when one person observes another person (the model) being punished after doing something.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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